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People with diabetes, HIV/AIDS, anemia, cystic fibrosis, hypertension, stroke, mumps, and Parkinson's disease can also have dry mouths

Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze nasal samples from adult e-cigarette users, smokers, and nonsmokers, researchers uncovered distinct patterns of respiratory microbiome dysbiosis associated with both e-cigarette use and smoking

Cancerous spots may differ depending on their location: Tongue: Look for a lump or ulcer on the top or bottom of the tongue, as well as any discoloration on either side

Electronic cigarette aerosol modulates the oral microbiome and increases risk of infection

Heterogeneity of exposure conditions The cytotoxicity of vaping commercial products is usually assessed as e-liquids and/or as aerosols [6, 7]