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The lack of proper observation by law enforcement before administering the test, which could allow mouth alcohol to affect results

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Chris Bullen, an e-cigarette researcher and professor at the University of Aucklands School of Public Health, noted that newer electronic cigarettes use a heating control mechanism that prevents cooking the liquid inside them, reducing the risk of generating cancer-causing chemicals

For example, there is evidence that e-cigarette use is associated with biomarkers 43 reflective of increased risk of cancer but the overall evidence on cancer is still limited and can sometimes be conflated 44 with risks from former smoking