"He would subject them to extreme temperatures, make them go hungry for long periods, or make them exercise a lot," the medical historian Mark Jackson says
Multiple purchase attempts were used, as this has been shown to better measure store-level noncompliance than a single purchase attempt
The brand's use of American Indian imagery and text implies a "natural" and "healthier" product, despite having no tribal ties
The study was presented to participants as investigating how cigarette pack size influences the effectiveness of health warnings
Instead, the lower prevalence observed among exclusive e-cigarette users may reflect factors such as age, body weight, lifestyle characteristics, prior smoking history, healthcare engagement, or other residual confounding variables