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These microbial changes correlated with disrupted lung mucosal homeostasis, highlighting the microbiomes role in mediating smoking-induced respiratory toxicity [97]

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Although cotinine and TTMA are metabolites of tobacco products, MDA is an exposure and response biomarker for tobacco smoking via oxidative stress from tobacco chemicals or their combustion

In addition, exposure to e-cigarette advertisements was not associated with successful cigarette smoking cessation six months later, and exposure to e-cigarette product displays was associated with lower odds of abstaining from cigarettes six months later, even when controlling for exposure to cigarette displays

It has been reported that vascular endothelial function is impaired in passive smokers as well as in smokers and that there is a correlation between passive smoking duration and endothelial dysfunction [57, 58]