Nicotine metabolites carcinogens may induce multiple mutations in critical genes, such as p53, KRAS, p16, and Rb
To minimise the dead volume effect, repeated clearing puffs are taken to prevent trapped volatile species from entering the subsequent puffs
These youth who have smoked in the past 30 days are at particular risk of becoming nicotine dependent through smoking
Harm reduction Harm reduction is a public health strategy to reduce the negative health effects of certain behaviors
Foust AM, Phillips GS, Chu WC, Daltro P, Das KM, Garcia-Pea P, Kilborn T, Winant AJ, Lee EY (2020) International Expert Consensus Statement on Chest Imaging in Pediatric COVID-19 Patient management: imaging findings, imaging study reporting and imaging study recommendations